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effort was expended

  • 1 dedicar esfuerzo

    (v.) = expend + effort, spend + effort, devote + energy, give + effort
    Ex. Prior to computerisation of the production of catalogues and indexes considerable clerical effort was expended in filing index and catalogue cards.
    Ex. If they were not to spend a great deal of time and effort in editing and verifying material they needed simply to accept whatever individual bibliographers gave them uncritically.
    Ex. Let us call a moratorium on writing about the subject and devote our energies to doing comparative work.
    Ex. One should avoid giving less effort to the resolution of a problem presented by a calm, well-mannered individual than to those presented by loud, demanding, and persistent pests.
    * * *
    (v.) = expend + effort, spend + effort, devote + energy, give + effort

    Ex: Prior to computerisation of the production of catalogues and indexes considerable clerical effort was expended in filing index and catalogue cards.

    Ex: If they were not to spend a great deal of time and effort in editing and verifying material they needed simply to accept whatever individual bibliographers gave them uncritically.
    Ex: Let us call a moratorium on writing about the subject and devote our energies to doing comparative work.
    Ex: One should avoid giving less effort to the resolution of a problem presented by a calm, well-mannered individual than to those presented by loud, demanding, and persistent pests.

    Spanish-English dictionary > dedicar esfuerzo

  • 2 dedicar trabajo

    (v.) = expend + effort
    Ex. Prior to computerisation of the production of catalogues and indexes considerable clerical effort was expended in filing index and catalogue cards.
    * * *
    (v.) = expend + effort

    Ex: Prior to computerisation of the production of catalogues and indexes considerable clerical effort was expended in filing index and catalogue cards.

    Spanish-English dictionary > dedicar trabajo

  • 3 administrativo

    adj.
    administrative, executive, management, administrating.
    m.
    white-collar worker, administrator, office worker, clerk.
    * * *
    1 administrative
    ► nombre masculino,nombre femenino
    1 (funcionario) official, civil servant; (de empresa, banco) office worker
    * * *
    (f. - administrativa)
    adj.
    * * *
    administrativo, -a
    1.
    ADJ administrative; (Com) managerial; (=del gobierno) of the government, of the administration
    2.
    SM / F (=funcionario) clerk, office worker; (=encargado) administrator, administrative officer
    * * *
    I
    - va adjetivo administrative
    II
    - va masculino, femenino administrative assistant (o officer etc); ( con funciones más rutinarias) clerk
    * * *
    = administrative, bureaucratic, clerical, managerial, administrative assistant, white collar worker, paper-pusher, office clerk, back-office, white collar.
    Ex. Each local library is a separate administrative unit with separate and independent files for circulation, acquisitions, periodicals, and holdings.
    Ex. For the majority of ordinary people the European Community remains a remote bureaucratic organization.
    Ex. Prior to computerisation of the production of catalogues and indexes considerable clerical effort was expended in filing index and catalogue cards.
    Ex. The course had concentrated on executive decision making, with a side excursion into the study and findings of Henry Mintzberg as reported in his book, 'The Nature of managerial Work'.
    Ex. If the idea of launching a program was accepted, it would be the administrative assistant's job to plan, organize, and implement it.
    Ex. There is no clear definition of a white collar worker, but the Bureau of Labor Statistics includes professional, technical, managerial, sales, and clerical workers in this category.
    Ex. The article is entitled 'The technicolor coat of the academic library personnel officer: the evolution from paper-pusher to policy maker'.
    Ex. Other occupations included professor, attorney, carpenter, homemaker, realtor, office clerk, hospital director, librarian, researcher, student, teacher, and writer.
    Ex. As an organization, MCN has always championed back-office, mission-critical, 'heavy lifting' aspects of museum technologies.
    Ex. A new Federal regulation aimed at tackling white-collar crime has sobering implications for managers.
    ----
    * administrativo de apoyo = clerical employee.
    * administrativo encargado de los archivos = file clerk.
    * auxiliar administrativo = administrative assistant.
    * cuestión administrativa = administrative issue.
    * derecho administrativo = administrative law.
    * error administrativo = clerical mistake, clerical error.
    * exceso de personal administrativo = administrative bloat.
    * exceso de plantilla administrativa = administrative bloat.
    * justicia administrativa = administrative justice.
    * personal administrativo = administrative staff.
    * procedimiento administrativo = administrative procedure.
    * reforma administrativa = administrative reform.
    * registro administrativo = administrative record.
    * secretario administrativo = administrative secretary.
    * * *
    I
    - va adjetivo administrative
    II
    - va masculino, femenino administrative assistant (o officer etc); ( con funciones más rutinarias) clerk
    * * *
    = administrative, bureaucratic, clerical, managerial, administrative assistant, white collar worker, paper-pusher, office clerk, back-office, white collar.

    Ex: Each local library is a separate administrative unit with separate and independent files for circulation, acquisitions, periodicals, and holdings.

    Ex: For the majority of ordinary people the European Community remains a remote bureaucratic organization.
    Ex: Prior to computerisation of the production of catalogues and indexes considerable clerical effort was expended in filing index and catalogue cards.
    Ex: The course had concentrated on executive decision making, with a side excursion into the study and findings of Henry Mintzberg as reported in his book, 'The Nature of managerial Work'.
    Ex: If the idea of launching a program was accepted, it would be the administrative assistant's job to plan, organize, and implement it.
    Ex: There is no clear definition of a white collar worker, but the Bureau of Labor Statistics includes professional, technical, managerial, sales, and clerical workers in this category.
    Ex: The article is entitled 'The technicolor coat of the academic library personnel officer: the evolution from paper-pusher to policy maker'.
    Ex: Other occupations included professor, attorney, carpenter, homemaker, realtor, office clerk, hospital director, librarian, researcher, student, teacher, and writer.
    Ex: As an organization, MCN has always championed back-office, mission-critical, 'heavy lifting' aspects of museum technologies.
    Ex: A new Federal regulation aimed at tackling white-collar crime has sobering implications for managers.
    * administrativo de apoyo = clerical employee.
    * administrativo encargado de los archivos = file clerk.
    * auxiliar administrativo = administrative assistant.
    * cuestión administrativa = administrative issue.
    * derecho administrativo = administrative law.
    * error administrativo = clerical mistake, clerical error.
    * exceso de personal administrativo = administrative bloat.
    * exceso de plantilla administrativa = administrative bloat.
    * justicia administrativa = administrative justice.
    * personal administrativo = administrative staff.
    * procedimiento administrativo = administrative procedure.
    * reforma administrativa = administrative reform.
    * registro administrativo = administrative record.
    * secretario administrativo = administrative secretary.

    * * *
    administrative
    masculine, feminine
    administrative assistant ( o officer etc); (que desempeña funciones más rutinarias) clerk
    * * *

     

    administrativo
    ◊ -va adjetivo

    administrative
    ■ sustantivo masculino, femenino
    administrative assistant (o officer etc);

    ( con funciones más rutinarias) clerk
    administrativo,-a
    I adjetivo administrative
    II m,f (funcionario) official
    ' administrativo' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    administrativa
    - empleada
    - empleado
    - trámite
    - secretaría
    - secretario
    - sumario
    English:
    administrative
    - channel
    - council
    - office staff
    - office worker
    - assistant
    - clerk
    - file
    - paper
    * * *
    administrativo, -a
    ♦ adj
    administrative;
    personal administrativo administrative staff
    ♦ nm,f
    office worker, clerical worker
    * * *
    I adj administrative
    II m, administrativa f administrative assistant
    * * *
    administrativo, -va adj
    : administrative
    * * *
    administrativo n office worker

    Spanish-English dictionary > administrativo

  • 4 de oficina

    (adj.) = clerical
    Ex. Prior to computerisation of the production of catalogues and indexes considerable clerical effort was expended in filing index and catalogue cards.
    * * *
    (adj.) = clerical

    Ex: Prior to computerisation of the production of catalogues and indexes considerable clerical effort was expended in filing index and catalogue cards.

    Spanish-English dictionary > de oficina

  • 5 усилие

    stress, intensification, effort, force
    • Более того, производя лишь небольшое усилие, можно... - Moreover, with very little effort it is possible to...
    • Больше усилий требует демонстрация (чего-л). - It takes more effort to demonstrate that...
    • Были затрачены огромные усилия как для теоретического, так и для экспериментального изучения... - Much effort has gone into both theoretical and observational studies of...
    • Были затрачены существенные усилия в попытке... - Considerable effort was expended in attempts to...
    • В последнее время существенные усилия были приложены к... - There has recently been considerable effort put toward...
    • До сих пор наши усилия были сосредоточены на... - Up to now we have concentrated on...
    • Значительная часть усилий была посвящена... - A great deal of emphasis has been laid on...
    • Итак, мы должны сосредоточить свои усилия на... - Thus we should concentrate our efforts on...
    • Не требуется много усилий для того, чтобы увидеть, что... - It does not require much reflection to see that...
    • Недавние усилия были направлены на... - Recent efforts have been directed towards...
    • Огромные усилия были посвящены ( чему-л). - A great deal of effort has been devoted to...
    • Однако подобные усилия приносят положительный результат, только если... - Such efforts, however, are successful only if...
    • Параллельно усилия были направлены на... - A parallel effort went into...
    • С другой стороны, это, возможно, не стоит применения усилий, так как... - On the other hand this may not be worth the effort since...

    Русско-английский словарь научного общения > усилие

  • 6 затрачиваться на

    go into, be expended in, be consumed by
    • Существенные усилия были затрачены на попытки... - Considerable effort was expended in attempts to...

    Русско-английский словарь научного общения > затрачиваться на

  • 7 auxiliar

    adj.
    auxiliary (gen) & (grammar).
    f. & m.
    1 assistant.
    auxiliar administrativo administrative assistant
    auxiliar de vuelo flight attendant
    2 auxiliary, helper, aide, assistant.
    3 attendant.
    m.
    auxiliary (grammar).
    v.
    to assist, to help.
    María socorre a los heridos Mary helps the wounded.
    * * *
    (i can be stressed or unstressed)
    Present Indicative
    auxilío, auxilías, auxilía, auxiliamos, auxiliáis, auxilían.
    auxilio, auxilias, auxilia, auxiliamos, auxiliáis, auxilian.
    Present Subjunctive
    auxilíe, auxilíes, auxilíe, auxiliemos, auxiliéis, auxilíen.
    auxilie, auxilies, auxilie, auxiliemos, auxiliéis, auxilien.
    Imperative
    auxilía (tú), auxilíe (él/Vd.), auxiliemos (nos.), auxiliad, (vos.), auxilíen (ellos/Vds.)
    auxilia (tú), auxilie (él/Vd.), auxiliemos (nos.), auxiliad (vos.), auxilien (ellos/Vds.).
    * * *
    1. noun mf.
    assistant, helper
    2. adj.
    assistant, auxiliary
    3. verb
    to aid, help, assist
    * * *
    I
    1. ADJ
    1) (Univ) assistant antes de s
    2) (Ling) auxiliary
    3) [plantilla] ancillary
    2. SMF
    1) (=subordinado) assistant

    auxiliar de cabina — steward/stewardess

    auxiliar de clínica, auxiliar de enfermería — auxiliary nurse, nursing auxiliary, nurse's aide (EEUU)

    auxiliar de laboratorio — lab assistant, laboratory assistant

    auxiliar de vuelo — steward/stewardess

    auxiliar domiciliario — domestic, home help, home helper (EEUU)

    2) (Univ)
    3) (Dep) linesman, assistant referee

    auxiliar técnico — LAm (Dep) coach, trainer

    II
    VT
    1) (=ayudar) to help, assist; [+ agonizante] to attend
    2) (Pol etc) to aid, give aid to
    * * *
    I
    a) < profesor> assistant (before n); <personal/elementos> auxiliary (before n)
    b) < servicios> auxiliary
    c) (Tec) auxiliary
    d) (Inf) peripheral
    II
    masculino y femenino
    1) ( persona) assistant
    2) auxiliar masculino (RPl) (Auto) spare tire
    III
    verbo transitivo
    a) ( socorrer) to help
    b) <moribundo/herido> to attend
    * * *
    I
    a) < profesor> assistant (before n); <personal/elementos> auxiliary (before n)
    b) < servicios> auxiliary
    c) (Tec) auxiliary
    d) (Inf) peripheral
    II
    masculino y femenino
    1) ( persona) assistant
    2) auxiliar masculino (RPl) (Auto) spare tire
    III
    verbo transitivo
    a) ( socorrer) to help
    b) <moribundo/herido> to attend
    * * *
    auxiliar1
    1 = aide, assistant, clerk, auxiliary.
    Nota: Nombre.

    Ex: They admitted that they did not evaluate their technicians and aides, and confirmed that increases were automatic and the same 'across-the-board'; superior performance was not rewarded, nor inferior performance punished.

    Ex: His first library position was as an assistant in rare books at the University of Chicago.
    Ex: The cataloguer is expected to find to correct form and write it on a worksheet, so that it can be entered by the clerk doing the keypunching.
    Ex: Some I & R centres use auxiliaries to carry out escort work.
    * auxiliar administrativo = clerk-typist, clerical assistant, administrative assistant.
    * auxiliar común = common auxiliary.
    * auxiliar de biblioteca = library assistant, library technician, page, library aide, library orderly.
    * auxiliar dedicado a la ordenación de fichas = filing clerk.
    * auxiliar de préstamo = circulation clerk.
    * auxiliar de vuelo = flight attendant.
    * auxiliares de lugar = area table.
    * estudiante que trabaja como auxiliar = student assistant, student aid.
    * estudios de auxiliar administrativo = information administration.

    auxiliar2
    2 = auxiliary, clerical, supporting, ancillary.

    Ex: This hierarchy shows a general subject area, buildings, and its subordinate subject areas: building materials, auxiliary construction practices, construction in specific materials, wood construction, roofing and soon.

    Ex: Prior to computerisation of the production of catalogues and indexes considerable clerical effort was expended in filing index and catalogue cards.
    Ex: However, it doesn't take very long before the supporting machine file attains greater importance than the manual catalog.
    Ex: A number of ancillary factors about the development of knowledge can be examined such as the extent of self-citation and the evolution of concepts.
    * mesa auxiliar = side table.
    * mesita auxiliar = side table.
    * servicio auxiliar de apoyo familiar = respite care.
    * tablas auxiliares = auxiliary tables.

    auxiliar3
    3 = succour [succor, -USA], aid, help.

    Ex: There are tens of thousands of hungry children in the world today and well-meant efforts are being made to succour them
    .

    Ex: Although others aided in the compilation of the schedules they were essentially the work of one man.
    Ex: How can we help library users to gain confidence?.

    * * *
    1 ‹profesor/magistrado› assistant ( before n); ‹personal/elementos› auxiliary ( before n)
    2 ‹servicios› auxiliary
    la tripulación auxiliar del avión the cabin crew on the aircraft
    3 ( Tec) auxiliary
    4 ( Inf) peripheral
    A
    1 (ayudante) assistant
    auxiliar de laboratorio laboratory assistant
    2 (funcionario) assistant
    Compuestos:
    administrative assistant
    flight attendant
    nurse
    B
    auxiliar feminine ( RPI); spare tire*
    auxiliar3 [A1 ]
    vt
    1 (socorrer) to help
    2 ‹moribundo› to attend
    * * *

     

    auxiliar 1 adjetivo

    ‹personal/elementos› auxiliary ( before n)

    c) (Tec) auxiliary

    d) (Inf) peripheral

    ■ sustantivo masculino y femenino


    b)

    ◊ auxiliar sustantivo femenino (RPl) (Auto) spare tire

    auxiliar 2 ( conjugate auxiliar) verbo transitivo
    to help
    auxiliar
    1 adjetivo & mf auxiliary, assistant
    II verbo transitivo to help, assist
    ' auxiliar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    ser
    - ir
    - haber
    - no
    - sobrecargo
    English:
    already
    - also
    - always
    - ancillary
    - auxiliary
    - be
    - can't
    - cannot
    - could
    - dare
    - do
    - have
    - let
    - might
    - must
    - need
    - never
    - often
    - ought
    - practicing
    - practising
    - propose
    - shall
    - should
    - so
    - soon
    - spotlight
    - steward
    - still
    - will
    - would
    - assistant
    - flight
    - home
    - instructor
    - stewardess
    * * *
    ♦ adj
    1. [material] auxiliary;
    [mesa] occasional
    2. [personal] ancillary, auxiliary
    3. Gram auxiliary
    ♦ nmf
    assistant
    auxiliar administrativo administrative assistant;
    auxiliar domiciliario, auxiliar de ayuda a domicilio, auxiliar de ayuda en el hogar [para cuidados personales] personal carer;
    [para tareas domésticas] home help;
    auxiliar de laboratorio lab assistant;
    auxiliar de vuelo flight attendant
    ♦ nm
    Gram auxiliary
    ♦ nf
    RP [rueda de recambio] spare wheel
    1. [socorrer] to assist, to help
    2. [moribundo] to attend
    * * *
    I adj
    1 auxiliary;
    verbo auxiliar auxiliary verb
    2 profesor assistant atr
    II m/f assistant
    III f Rpl
    AUTO spare wheel
    IV v/t help
    * * *
    : to aid, to assist
    : assistant, auxiliary
    1) : assistant, helper
    2)
    auxiliar de vuelo : flight attendant
    * * *
    auxiliar n (persona) assistant

    Spanish-English dictionary > auxiliar

  • 8 auxiliar2

    2 = auxiliary, clerical, supporting, ancillary.
    Ex. This hierarchy shows a general subject area, buildings, and its subordinate subject areas: building materials, auxiliary construction practices, construction in specific materials, wood construction, roofing and soon.
    Ex. Prior to computerisation of the production of catalogues and indexes considerable clerical effort was expended in filing index and catalogue cards.
    Ex. However, it doesn't take very long before the supporting machine file attains greater importance than the manual catalog.
    Ex. A number of ancillary factors about the development of knowledge can be examined such as the extent of self-citation and the evolution of concepts.
    ----
    * mesa auxiliar = side table.
    * mesita auxiliar = side table.
    * servicio auxiliar de apoyo familiar = respite care.
    * tablas auxiliares = auxiliary tables.

    Spanish-English dictionary > auxiliar2

  • 9 много усилий было потрачено на

    Много усилий было потрачено на-- Considerable effort was expended determining the optimum porous material.

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > много усилий было потрачено на

  • 10 moeite

    1 [last] trouble ⇒ difficulty, 〈 minder sterk〉 bother
    2 [inspanning] effort ⇒ trouble
    ♦voorbeelden:
    1   ik heb moeite met zijn gedrag • I find his behaviour hard to take
         met die jongen krijg je nog moeite • that boy will give you a lot of bother/trouble
    2   het is een kleine moeite om dat te doen • it's not much effort to do that
         vergeefse moeite • wasted effort
         bespaar je de moeite • (you can) save yourself the trouble/bother
         er is veel moeite aan besteed • considerable effort has been expended on it
         moeite doen • take pains/trouble
         u hoeft geen extra moeite te doen • you need not bother, don't put yourself out
         ik had moeite mij in te houden • I had difficulty holding myself back, I could hardly control myself
         het is de moeite niet (waard) • it's not worth it/the effort/the bother
         〈 ironisch〉 het is de moeite! • big deal!
         het kost me moeite om • I find it hard to
         dat loont de moeite • it's worth the effort/trouble/it
         zich veel/de grootste moeite getroosten • go to/take great pains, bend over backwards
         het is de moeite waard om het te proberen • it's worth a try/trying
         de dingen die het leven de moeite waard maken • the things that make life worth living
         het was zeer de moeite waard • it was most rewarding
         met moeite de 100 (km/u) halen • barely do/reach 100 kilometres per hour
         met grote moeite • with great difficulty
         dat is voor de moeite • that's for your trouble
         dank u wel voor de moeite! • thank you very much!, sorry to have troubled you!
         doe (maar) geen moeite • don't bother, never mind
         geen moeite was hem teveel • he spared no pains/effort
         dat is me te veel moeite! • I can't be bothered (with it/that)!, that's too much trouble

    Van Dale Handwoordenboek Nederlands-Engels > moeite

  • 11 работа

    work, paper, report, investigation, study, contribution, performance, operation, labor, run
    • В нашей последующей работе мы устраним этот дефект и... - Our subsequent work will remedy this defect and...
    • В процессе выполнения мы основываем нашу работу на... - In doing this, we base our work on...
    • Для очень тонких работ обычно используется серебро, потому что... - For very accurate work, silver is usually used because...
    • Мы избавимся от большой и утомительной работы, если... - We save a good deal of tedious effort if...
    • Мы ожидаем опубликовать нашу работу в течение двух лет. - We expect to publish our work within two years.
    • На протяжении всей работы мы делали существенный упор на... - Throughout our work, we lay heavy emphasis on...
    • Недавняя работа показала, что... - Recent work has shown that...
    • Огромная исследовательская работа была проделана для... - A great deal of development work has gone into...; A great deal of development effort has been expended on...
    • Однако (все) эти моменты находятся в стороне от целей данной работы. - These are, however, outside the scope of this work.
    • Он автор более чем 40 опубликованных работ на темы... - Не is the author of more than 40 published papers on topics in...
    • Основная часть этой работы была проделана в главе 2. - The bulk of the work was done in Chapter 2.
    • Относительно строгого вывода соотношения (12) читатель должен обратиться к работе Смита [1]. - For a rigorous derivation of (12) the reader is referred to Smith [1].
    • При некоторых работах необходимо... - In some work it is necessary to...
    • При экспериментальных работах обычно... - In experimental work it is usual to...
    • Причиной для выполнения этой работы послужило, в основном, то обстоятельство, что... - The reason for undertaking the work was principally that...
    • Производя экспериментальные работы, иногда необходимо... - In the course of experimental work, it is sometimes necessary to...
    • Профессор Смит был талантливым исследователем, опубликовавшим большое число работ о... - Prof. Smith was a talented researcher who published a long list of papers on...
    • Профессор Смит был умелым исследователем с многолетним опытом работы... - Prof. Smith was a skilled researcher who had many years of experience with...
    • Работа должна быть доступна математикам, ученым, а также инженерам-исследователям. - It should be accessible to mathematicians, scientists, and engineering researchers.
    • Развитие подобной теории началось в ранних 1980-х годах работой Смита[1]. - The development of such a theory began in the early 1980s with the work of Smith [1].
    • Регулировка может быть сделана во время работы машины. - Adjustments can be made while the machine is operating.
    • Смит [1] имел многолетний опыт работы с... - Smith [1] had many years of experience dealing with...
    • Тем не менее эта формальная работа привела к конкретному результату. - Nevertheless, this formal work has produced a concrete result.
    • Часть этой знаменитой работы относительно... была выполнена Брэмблом. - Some of the most famous work on... was performed by Bramble.
    • Этой работы можно было бы избежать... - This labor may be avoided by...
    • Ясно, что это не такая уж простая работа. Поэтому мы будем... - Clearly this would not be an easy task, so we shall...

    Русско-английский словарь научного общения > работа

  • 12 Empire, Portuguese overseas

    (1415-1975)
       Portugal was the first Western European state to establish an early modern overseas empire beyond the Mediterranean and perhaps the last colonial power to decolonize. A vast subject of complexity that is full of myth as well as debatable theories, the history of the Portuguese overseas empire involves the story of more than one empire, the question of imperial motives, the nature of Portuguese rule, and the results and consequences of empire, including the impact on subject peoples as well as on the mother country and its society, Here, only the briefest account of a few such issues can be attempted.
       There were various empires or phases of empire after the capture of the Moroccan city of Ceuta in 1415. There were at least three Portuguese empires in history: the First empire (1415-1580), the Second empire (1580-1640 and 1640-1822), and the Third empire (1822-1975).
       With regard to the second empire, the so-called Phillipine period (1580-1640), when Portugal's empire was under Spanish domination, could almost be counted as a separate era. During that period, Portugal lost important parts of its Asian holdings to England and also sections of its colonies of Brazil, Angola, and West Africa to Holland's conquests. These various empires could be characterized by the geography of where Lisbon invested its greatest efforts and resources to develop territories and ward off enemies.
       The first empire (1415-1580) had two phases. First came the African coastal phase (1415-97), when the Portuguese sought a foothold in various Moroccan cities but then explored the African coast from Morocco to past the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa. While colonization and sugar farming were pursued in the Atlantic islands, as well as in the islands in the Gulf of Guinea like São Tomé and Príncipe, for the most part the Portuguese strategy was to avoid commitments to defending or peopling lands on the African continent. Rather, Lisbon sought a seaborne trade empire, in which the Portuguese could profit from exploiting trade and resources (such as gold) along the coasts and continue exploring southward to seek a sea route to Portuguese India. The second phase of the first empire (1498-1580) began with the discovery of the sea route to Asia, thanks to Vasco da Gama's first voyage in 1497-99, and the capture of strong points, ports, and trading posts in order to enforce a trade monopoly between Asia and Europe. This Asian phase produced the greatest revenues of empire Portugal had garnered, yet ended when Spain conquered Portugal and commanded her empire as of 1580.
       Portugal's second overseas empire began with Spanish domination and ran to 1822, when Brazil won her independence from Portugal. This phase was characterized largely by Brazilian dominance of imperial commitment, wealth in minerals and other raw materials from Brazil, and the loss of a significant portion of her African and Asian coastal empire to Holland and Great Britain. A sketch of Portugal's imperial losses either to native rebellions or to imperial rivals like Britain and Holland follows:
       • Morocco (North Africa) (sample only)
       Arzila—Taken in 1471; evacuated in 1550s; lost to Spain in 1580, which returned city to a sultan.
       Ceuta—Taken in 1415; lost to Spain in 1640 (loss confirmed in 1668 treaty with Spain).
       • Tangiers—Taken in 15th century; handed over to England in 1661 as part of Catherine of Braganza's dowry to King Charles II.
       • West Africa
       • Fort/Castle of São Jorge da Mina, Gold Coast (in what is now Ghana)—Taken in 1480s; lost to Holland in 1630s.
       • Middle East
       Socotra-isle—Conquered in 1507; fort abandoned in 1511; used as water resupply stop for India fleet.
       Muscat—Conquered in 1501; lost to Persians in 1650.
       Ormuz—Taken, 1505-15 under Albuquerque; lost to England, which gave it to Persia in the 17th century.
       Aden (entry to Red Sea) — Unsuccessfully attacked by Portugal (1513-30); taken by Turks in 1538.
       • India
       • Ceylon (Sri Lanka)—Taken by 1516; lost to Dutch after 1600.
       • Bombay—Taken in 16th century; given to England in 1661 treaty as part of Catherine of Braganza's dowry for Charles II.
       • East Indies
       • Moluccas—Taken by 1520; possession confirmed in 1529 Saragossa treaty with Spain; lost to Dutch after 1600; only East Timor remaining.
       After the restoration of Portuguese independence from Spain in 1640, Portugal proceeded to revive and strengthen the Anglo- Portuguese Alliance, with international aid to fight off further Spanish threats to Portugal and drive the Dutch invaders out of Brazil and Angola. While Portugal lost its foothold in West Africa at Mina to the Dutch, dominion in Angola was consolidated. The most vital part of the imperial economy was a triangular trade: slaves from West Africa and from the coasts of Congo and Angola were shipped to plantations in Brazil; raw materials (sugar, tobacco, gold, diamonds, dyes) were sent to Lisbon; Lisbon shipped Brazil colonists and hardware. Part of Portugal's War of Restoration against Spain (1640-68) and its reclaiming of Brazil and Angola from Dutch intrusions was financed by the New Christians (Jews converted to Christianity after the 1496 Manueline order of expulsion of Jews) who lived in Portugal, Holland and other low countries, France, and Brazil. If the first empire was mainly an African coastal and Asian empire, the second empire was primarily a Brazilian empire.
       Portugal's third overseas empire began upon the traumatic independence of Brazil, the keystone of the Lusitanian enterprise, in 1822. The loss of Brazil greatly weakened Portugal both as a European power and as an imperial state, for the scattered remainder of largely coastal, poor, and uncolonized territories that stretched from the bulge of West Africa to East Timor in the East Indies and Macau in south China were more of a financial liability than an asset. Only two small territories balanced their budgets occasionally or made profits: the cocoa islands of São Tomé and Príncipe in the Gulf of Guinea and tiny Macau, which lost much of its advantage as an entrepot between the West and the East when the British annexed neighboring Hong Kong in 1842. The others were largely burdens on the treasury. The African colonies were strapped by a chronic economic problem: at a time when the slave trade and then slavery were being abolished under pressures from Britain and other Western powers, the economies of Guinea- Bissau, São Tomé/Príncipe, Angola, and Mozambique were totally dependent on revenues from the slave trade and slavery. During the course of the 19th century, Lisbon began a program to reform colonial administration in a newly rejuvenated African empire, where most of the imperial efforts were expended, by means of replacing the slave trade and slavery, with legitimate economic activities.
       Portugal participated in its own early version of the "Scramble" for Africa's interior during 1850-69, but discovered that the costs of imperial expansion were too high to allow effective occupation of the hinterlands. After 1875, Portugal participated in the international "Scramble for Africa" and consolidated its holdings in west and southern Africa, despite the failure of the contra-costa (to the opposite coast) plan, which sought to link up the interiors of Angola and Mozambique with a corridor in central Africa. Portugal's expansion into what is now Malawi, Zambia, and Zimbabwe (eastern section) in 1885-90 was thwarted by its oldest ally, Britain, under pressure from interest groups in South Africa, Scotland, and England. All things considered, Portugal's colonizing resources and energies were overwhelmed by the African empire it possessed after the frontier-marking treaties of 1891-1906. Lisbon could barely administer the massive area of five African colonies, whose total area comprised about 8 percent of the area of the colossal continent. The African territories alone were many times the size of tiny Portugal and, as of 1914, Portugal was the third colonial power in terms of size of area possessed in the world.
       The politics of Portugal's empire were deceptive. Lisbon remained obsessed with the fear that rival colonial powers, especially Germany and Britain, would undermine and then dismantle her African empire. This fear endured well into World War II. In developing and keeping her potentially rich African territories (especially mineral-rich Angola and strategically located Mozambique), however, the race against time was with herself and her subject peoples. Two major problems, both chronic, prevented Portugal from effective colonization (i.e., settling) and development of her African empire: the economic weakness and underdevelopment of the mother country and the fact that the bulk of Portuguese emigration after 1822 went to Brazil, Venezuela, the United States, and France, not to the colonies. These factors made it difficult to consolidate imperial control until it was too late; that is, until local African nationalist movements had organized and taken the field in insurgency wars that began in three of the colonies during the years 1961-64.
       Portugal's belated effort to revitalize control and to develop, in the truest sense of the word, Angola and Mozambique after 1961 had to be set against contemporary events in Europe, Africa, and Asia. While Portugal held on to a backward empire, other European countries like Britain, France, and Belgium were rapidly decolonizing their empires. Portugal's failure or unwillingness to divert the large streams of emigrants to her empire after 1850 remained a constant factor in this question. Prophetic were the words of the 19th-century economist Joaquim Oliveira Martins, who wrote in 1880 that Brazil was a better colony for Portugal than Africa and that the best colony of all would have been Portugal itself. As of the day of the Revolution of 25 April 1974, which sparked the final process of decolonization of the remainder of Portugal's third overseas empire, the results of the colonization program could be seen to be modest compared to the numbers of Portuguese emigrants outside the empire. Moreover, within a year, of some 600,000 Portuguese residing permanently in Angola and Mozambique, all but a few thousand had fled to South Africa or returned to Portugal.
       In 1974 and 1975, most of the Portuguese empire was decolonized or, in the case of East Timor, invaded and annexed by a foreign power before it could consolidate its independence. Only historic Macau, scheduled for transfer to the People's Republic of China in 1999, remained nominally under Portuguese control as a kind of footnote to imperial history. If Portugal now lacked a conventional overseas empire and was occupied with the challenges of integration in the European Union (EU), Lisbon retained another sort of informal dependency that was a new kind of empire: the empire of her scattered overseas Portuguese communities from North America to South America. Their numbers were at least six times greater than that of the last settlers of the third empire.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Empire, Portuguese overseas

  • 13 abandono

    m.
    1 leaving.
    abandono de hogar (law) desertion (of family, spouse)
    2 state of abandon (descuido) (de aspecto, jardín).
    3 abandonment, desolation, abandoning, desertion.
    4 personal carelessness, neglect, abandonment, carelessness.
    5 departure.
    6 renunciation.
    7 complete surrender.
    pres.indicat.
    1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: abandonar.
    * * *
    1 (acción) abandoning, desertion
    2 (idea, actividad) giving up
    3 (descuido) neglect, lack of care
    4 (dejadez) apathy, carelessness
    5 DEPORTE withdrawal
    6 MARÍTIMO abandonment
    \
    en estado de abandono in an abandoned state
    * * *
    noun m.
    3) withdrawal, resignation
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=acción)
    a) [de lugar]
    b) [de actividad, proyecto] abandonment

    votaron a favor del abandono del leninismo — they voted in favour of renouncing Leninism, they voted for the abandonment of Leninism

    c) (Jur) [de cónyuge] desertion; [de hijos] abandonment

    abandono de la escuela — = abandono escolar

    abandono del domicilio conyugal, abandono del hogar — desertion

    abandono de tierras — land set aside, set-aside

    2) (Dep) [antes de la prueba] withdrawal; [durante la prueba] retirement; (Ajedrez) resignation
    3) (=descuido) neglect, abandon frm
    4) (=vicio) indulgence
    5) (=soledad) desolation
    6) Méx (=ligereza) abandon, ease
    * * *
    1)
    a) (frml) ( de un lugar)
    b) ( de una persona) abandonment
    2) (Dep) (antes de la carrera, competición) withdrawal; (iniciada la carrera, competición) retirement; ( en ajedrez) resignation
    3) (descuido, desatención) neglect
    * * *
    1)
    a) (frml) ( de un lugar)
    b) ( de una persona) abandonment
    2) (Dep) (antes de la carrera, competición) withdrawal; (iniciada la carrera, competición) retirement; ( en ajedrez) resignation
    3) (descuido, desatención) neglect
    * * *
    abandono1
    1 = abandonment, betrayal, desertion, surrender, shift away from, drop-off, move away from, defection, pullout, disuse.

    Ex: Practical considerations led to the abandonment of this idea.

    Ex: The author explores the major themes of the novel: self-identity; love; and betrayal.
    Ex: The author also covers the electronic book and the desertion of libraries by researchers in favour of other information sources = El autor también habla del libro electrónico y del abandono de las bibliotecas por parte de los investigadores en favor de otras fuentes de información.
    Ex: This would require central funding, an appropriate communications infrastructure and the surrender by universities of their autonomy over their local libraries.
    Ex: This article discusses the effects of changes in the economy on the distribution of work in libraries which indicate a shift away from its female origins.
    Ex: There is a subsidy mechanism that lowers rates in order to avoid drop-offs from the network.
    Ex: This is a radical move away from the accepted principle of using the actual item as the primary source of cataloguing data.
    Ex: The longer the project is likely to last, the more important it is to be sure that it is designed to cope with factors such as defection of one of the partners.
    Ex: NATO is 'disappointed' at Russian pullout from arms treaty.
    Ex: After a period of disuse at the beginning of the nineteenth century, Caslon roman was revived, and has been available ever since from Caslon's successors.
    * abandono de = flight from.
    * índice de abandono escolar = dropout rate.
    * tasa de abandono escolar = dropout rate.

    abandono2
    2 = neglect, dereliction, negligence, neglection, abandon, dilapidation, lassitude.

    Ex: Left hand truncation, which involves the neglect of prefixes or the elimination of characters from the beginning of a word, is also possible in many systems.

    Ex: The energy crisis & the environmental crisis are rooted not in a stony ground of technological intractability, but in irresponsibility & dereliction.
    Ex: Damage of library materials is often caused by carelessness and negligence.
    Ex: After decades of neglection, nowadays there is an effort to bring these houses back to their original glory.
    Ex: The article 'Enlightenment and lubricity' examines paintings depicting women reading and responding with sensual abandon to the word.
    Ex: If Central Park is to be rescued from the general dilapidation it is much money and energy intelligently directed must be expended.
    Ex: His lassitude does not appear to emanate from laziness, but rather from the stirrings of nihilistic restlessness.
    * abandono de menores = child neglect.
    * en el abandono = in the wilderness.
    * en estado de abandono = decaying, dilapidated.
    * estado de abandono = state of neglect.

    * * *
    A
    1 ( frml)
    (de un lugar): la policía ordenó el abandono del recinto the police ordered everyone to leave o vacate the premises
    el capitán ordenó el abandono del barco the captain gave the order to abandon ship
    2 (de una persona) abandonment
    Compuestos:
    noncompletion, dropping out
    desertion
    abandonment of employment
    B ( Dep)
    1 (antes de iniciarse la carrera, competición) withdrawal
    2
    (una vez iniciada la carrera, competición): el abandono de Garrido se produjo en la quinta vuelta Garrido pulled out o retired on the fifth lap, Garrido's retirement came on the fifth lap
    el abandono del campeón se produjo en la jugada número 30 the champion's resignation came o the champion resigned on move 30
    C
    (descuido, desatención): el edificio se halla en un lamentable estado de abandono the building is in a sorry state of neglect
    da lástima ver el abandono en que se encuentran estos jardines it's terrible to see how overrun o overgrown these gardens have become, it's terrible to see how these gardens have been allowed to fall into neglect
    dejó a su familia en el más completo abandono he left his family utterly destitute
    la ropa que lleva da una imagen de abandono the clothes he wears make him look slovenly o scruffy
    * * *

    Del verbo abandonar: ( conjugate abandonar)

    abandono es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    abandonó es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    abandonar    
    abandono
    abandonar ( conjugate abandonar) verbo transitivo
    1
    a) (frml) ‹ lugar› to leave

    b) ‹familia/bebé› to leave, abandon;

    ‹marido/amante› to leave;
    ‹coche/barco› to abandon;

    2 [ fuerzas] to desert
    3
    a) ‹actividad/propósito/esperanza› to give up;

    ◊ abandono los estudios to drop out of school/college

    b) (Dep) ‹carrera/partido› to retire from, pull out of

    verbo intransitivo (Dep)
    a) (en carrera, competición) to pull out


    (en boxeo, lucha) to concede defeat
    abandonarse verbo pronominal
    1 ( entregarse) abandonose a algo ‹a vicios/placeres› to abandon oneself to sth
    2 ( en el aspecto personal) to let oneself go
    abandono sustantivo masculino
    1 ( de una persona) abandonment;

    2 (Dep) (antes de la carrera, competición) withdrawal;
    (iniciada la carrera, competición) retirement;
    ( en ajedrez) resignation
    3 (descuido, desatención) neglect
    abandonar
    I verbo transitivo
    1 (irse de) to leave, quit: tenemos que vernos hoy, porque mañana abandono Madrid, we've got to see eachother today because I'm leaving Madrid tomorrow
    2 (a una persona, a un animal) to abandon
    abandonar a alguien a su suerte, to leave someone to his fate
    3 (un proyecto, los estudios) to give up
    4 Dep (retirarse de una carrera) to drop out of
    (un deporte) to drop
    II vi (desfallecer) to give up: los resultados no son los esperados, pero no abandones, the results aren't as good as we expected, but don't give up
    abandono sustantivo masculino
    1 (marcha de un lugar) abandoning, desertion
    2 (de proyecto, idea) giving up
    3 (de aseo) neglect
    4 (despreocupación) carelessness
    ' abandono' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    abandonar
    - docencia
    - entrega
    - olvido
    - pudrir
    - recinto
    - renuncia
    English:
    angrily
    - climb down
    - desertion
    - drop out
    - dump
    - intimidate
    - leave
    - neglect
    - self-neglect
    - need
    - walk
    - withdrawal
    * * *
    1. [descuido] [de aspecto, jardín] state of abandon;
    [de estudios, obligaciones] neglect;
    2. [de lugar]
    los bomberos ordenaron el abandono del edificio the firemen instructed everyone to leave the building, the firemen had the building evacuated;
    el abandono de su puesto le costó un arresto al soldado the soldier was placed in confinement for abandoning his post
    3. [de hijo, proyecto] abandonment;
    el abandono de animales se incrementa tras las Navidades there is a rise in the number of animals abandoned after Christmas;
    el movimiento defiende el abandono de la energía nuclear the movement is in favour of abolishing the use of nuclear energy;
    han anunciado el abandono de la violencia they have announced that they are going to give up violence;
    su desilusión lo llevó al abandono de la profesión he was so disillusioned that he left the profession
    Der abandono de hogar desertion [of family, spouse]; UE abandono de tierras:
    el gobierno está fomentando el abandono de tierras the government is promoting land set-aside
    4. [entrega] abandon, abandonment;
    se entregó con abandono a su amante she gave herself with abandon to her lover
    5. [de competición, carrera] withdrawal;
    el abandono se produjo en el kilómetro 10 he pulled out after 10 kilometres;
    ganar por abandono to win by default
    * * *
    m
    1 abandonment;
    abandono de la energía nuclear abandonment of nuclear power
    2 DEP de carrera retirement
    3
    :
    en un estado de abandono in a state of neglect
    * * *
    1) : abandonment
    2) : neglect
    3) : withdrawal
    ganar por abandono: to win by default

    Spanish-English dictionary > abandono

  • 14 проделать

    (= проделывать) do, make, perform
    • В связи с этим может быть проделано следующее. - In response to this, the following points can be made.
    • Вместо того, чтобы пытаться проделать это, мы... - Instead of attempting this, we...
    • Дальнейшее продвижение было проделано благодаря... - A further advance was accomplished by...
    • Мы проделаем это в несколько шагов, первым из которых является... - We carry this out in several stages, the first of which is...
    • Мы сейчас проделаем более систематическое исследование... - We shall now make a more systematic study of...
    • Наиболее просто это может быть проделано... - This can be done most easily by...
    • Огромная исследовательская работа была проделана для... - A great deal of development work has gone into...; A great deal of development effort has been expended on...
    • Однако в данном случае проделать это затруднительно. - In the present situation, however, it is not feasible to do this.
    • Одним из не слишком практичных способов проделать это является... - One method of doing this, not a very practical one, is to...
    • Основная часть этой работы была проделана в главе 2. - The bulk of the work was done in Chapter 2.
    • Прежде чем проделать это, мы заметим, что... - Before we do so we note that...
    • Прежде чем проделать это, примем соглашение относительно двух моментов. - Before doing this, let us agree on two things.
    • То же самое может быть проделано для любого... - The same can be done for any...
    • Только что проделанные вычисления показывают нам, что... - The result just calculated shows us that...
    • Чтобы проделать это, мы должны исследовать... - In order to do this we must investigate...
    • Это может быть проделано путем преобразования уравнения (1) к следующей форме... - This may be accomplished by rearranging Eq. (1) in the form...

    Русско-английский словарь научного общения > проделать

  • 15 Т-216

    HE СТОИТ ТРУДА VP subj: abstr or infin 3rdpers only pres or past) sth. does not deserve the energy that was or will be expended on it
    X не стоит труда - X is not worth the trouble (the effort)
    (in limited contexts) X is not worth the ( s.o. 's) time.

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > Т-216

  • 16 не стоит труда

    [VP; subj: abstr or infin; 3rd pers only; pres or past]
    =====
    ⇒ sth. does not deserve the energy that was or will be expended on it:
    - X не стоит труда≈ X is not worth the trouble (the effort);
    - [in limited contexts] X is not worth the (s.o.'s) time.

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > не стоит труда

  • 17 прямо указывает на то, что

    Прямо указывает на то, что
     Why was so much effort expended in this research when the results of the investigation suggest straight away that the E.P. additive outperformed the solid-film lubricant?
     The quantitative results indicated unequivocally that the optimal form for the pad is one with a flat surface.

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > прямо указывает на то, что

  • 18 выводить в расход

    выводить (пускать, списывать) в расход ( кого)
    прост.
    do away with smb.; finish smb. off; expend smb.; cf. admit (knock, let, shoot) daylight into smb.

    - Убьют меня, убьют! - заскулил Силантий... В расход меня сразу, никакого снисхождения не будет! (Е. Мальцев, От всего сердца) — 'They'll kill me,' wailed Silanti... 'They'll do away with me in no time, without showing the least mercy.'

    [Капитан] тихо, словно бы через силу выдавил: - Немца - в расход. (В. Кондратьев, Сашка) — The captain spoke - in a strained voice, as though it was forced out with an effort: 'The German is to be expended.'

    Русско-английский фразеологический словарь > выводить в расход

  • 19 διαφέρω

    διαφέρω, [tense] fut.
    A

    διοίσω S.OT 321

    ,

    διοίσομαι h.Merc. 255

    , etc.: [tense] aor. 1 διήνεγκα, [dialect] Ion. διήνεικα: [tense] aor. 2 διήνεγκον:— carry over or across,

    δ. ναῦς τὸν Ἰσθμόν Th.8.8

    ; carry from one to another,

    διαφέρεις κηρύγματα E.Supp. 382

    ; [

    τὸ ἤλεκτρον] διαφέρεται εἰς τοὺς Ἕλληνας Arist. Mir. 836b6

    : metaph., γλῶσσαν διοίσει will put the tongue in motion, will speak, S.Tr. 323 codd.
    2 of Time, δ. τὸν αἰῶνα, τὸν βίον, go through life, Hdt.3.40, E.Hel.[10];

    νύκτα Id.Rh. 600

    : abs., ἄπαις διοίσει ib. 982:—[voice] Med., live, continue,

    ὑγιηροὶ τἄλλα διαφέρονται Hp. Art.56

    ; σοῦ διοίσεται μόνος will pass his life apart from thee, S.Aj. 511;

    σκοπούμενος διοίσει X.Mem.2.1.24

     (cj. Dind. for διέσῃ).
    3 bear through, bear to the end,

    σκῆπτρα E.IA 1195

    ; γαστρὸς ὄγκον δ., of a woman, Id. Ion15, cf. X.Mem.2.2.5: hence,
    4 bear to the end, go through with,

    πόλεμον Hdt.1.25

    , Th.1.11; but also, bear the burden of war, Id.6.54; endure, support, with an Adv.,

    ῥᾷστα γὰρ τὸ σόν τε σὺ κἀγὼ διοίσω τοὐμόν S.OT 321

    ;

    δ. πότμον δάκρυσι E.Hipp. 1143

     (lyr.): abs., of patients in disease,

    δ. ἕως τῶν εἰκοσιτεσσάρων ἡμερέων Hp.Int.40

    ; δ. φθειρόμενος ib.12 (also ἡ νοῦσος δ. ἐννέα ἔτεα ibid.).
    II carry different ways, Ar.Lys. 570, etc.;

    δ. ἕκαστα εἰς τὰς χώρας τὰς προσηκούσας X.Oec.9.8

    ; toss about,

    ὅπλισμα.. διαφέρων ἐσφενδόνα E.Supp. 715

    ; δ. τὰς κόρας to turn the eyes about, Id.Ba. 1087. Or. 1261 (lyr.):—[voice] Pass., to be drawn apart, disrupted, opp. συμφέρεσθαι, Heraclit.10, Pl.Sph. 242e, Epicur.Nat.908.2; to be tossed about, dub. in Str.3.2.5;

    δ. ἐν τῷ Ἀδρίᾳ Act.Ap.27.27

    , cf. Plu.Galb.26.
    2 δ. τινά spread his fame abroad, Pi.P.11.60;

    εἰς ἅπαντας τὴν ἐκείνου μνήμην δ. D.61.46

    :—[voice] Pass.,

    φήμη διηνέχθη Plu.2.163c

    .
    3 tear asunder, E.Ba. 754; disjoin, Arist.Po. 1451a34 ([voice] Pass.): metaph., distract,

    τὰς ψυχὰς φροντίσιν Plu.2.133d

    , cf. 97f ([voice] Pass.), D.Chr.32.46 ([voice] Pass.).
    4 δ. τὴν ψῆφον give one's vote a different way, i.e. against another, Hdt.4.138, etc.; but also, give each man his vote, E.Or.49, Th.4.74, X.Smp.5.8.
    5 ἐράνους δ., = διαλύεσθαι, pay them up, discharge them, Lycurg.22.
    6 defer, reserve for judgement,

    τὸν αἴτιον A.Ch.68

     (lyr., διασπαράσσει Sch.).
    7 plunder, Herod.7.90:—[voice] Pass.,

    τῶν ἀπὸ [τῆς οἰκίας] φορτίων διενηνεγμένων PLond.1.45.9

     (ii B.C.).
    8 excel,

    ἀρετῇ τοὺς ἄλλους D.S.11.67

    , cf. 2.5;

    καλλιτεκνίᾳ πάσας γυναῖκας Stud.Pont.3.123

     ([place name] Amasia).
    III intr., differ,

    φυᾷ δ. Pi.N.7.54

    ; ἆρ' οἱ τεκόντες διαφέρουσιν ἢ τροφαί; is it one's parents or nurture that make the difference? E.Hec. 599: c. gen., to be different from, Id.Or. 251, Th.5.86, etc.;

    οὐδὲν διοίσεις Χαιρεφῶντος τὴν φύσιν Ar.Nu. 503

    , cf. Pl.Prt. 329d;

    τὸ δ'.. ἀφανίζειν ἱερὰ ἔσθ' ὅτι τοῦ κόπτειν διαφέρει; D.21.147

    ;

    δ. τὰς μορφάς Arist.HA 497b15

    ; δ. εἴς τι, ἔν τινι, X.Hier.1.2,7;

    παρὰ τὴν Βεβρυκίαν App.Mith. 1

    ;

    καθ' ὑπεροχὴν καὶ ἕλλειψιν Arist.HA 486a22

    ;

    κατὰ τὴν θέσιν Id.Mete. 341b24

    ;

    πρός τι Id.HA 505a21

    ;

    τίνι δ. τὰ ἄρρενα τῶν θηλειῶν.. θεωρείσθω Id.PA 684b3

    : c. inf.,

    μόνῃ τῇ μορφῇ μὴ οὑχὶ πρόβατα εἶναι δ. Luc.Alex.15

    : with Art., τρεῖς μόναι ψῆφοι διήνεγκαν τὸ μὴ θανάτου τιμῆσαι three votes made the difference (i.e. majority) against capital punishment, D.23.167; also διαφέρει τὸ ἥμισυ τοῦ ἔργου makes a difference equal to half the effort expended, X.Oec.20.17.
    2 impers., διαφέρει it makes a difference,

    πλεῖστον δ. Hp.Aph.5.22

    ;

    βραχὺ δ. τοῖς θανοῦσιν εἰ.. E.Tr. 1248

    , etc.; οὐδὲν δ. it makes no odds, Pl.Phd. 89c, cf. Men.Epit. 193;

    σμικρὸν οἴει διαφέρειν; Pl.R. 467c

    : c. dat. pers., δ. μοι it makes a difference to me, Antipho 5.13, Pl.Prt. 316b, etc.; ἰδίᾳ τι αὐτῷ δ. he has some private interest at stake, Th.3.42; εἰ ὑμῖν μή τι δ. if you see no objection, Pl.La. 187d;

    τί δέ σοι τοῦτο δ. εἴτε.. εἴτε μή; Id.R. 349a

    , cf. Grg. 497b, etc.: c. inf.,

    οὐδέ τί οἱ διέφερεν ἀποθανεῖν Hdt.1.85

    : with personal constr.,

    πράγματά τινι διαφέροντα Plu.Caes.65

    ; to be of importance, πρός or εἴς τι, Gal.15.420,428;

    τῷ ζῴῳ Id.UP9.5

    .
    3

    τὸ δ.

     the difference, the odds,

    Pl.Phlb. 45d

    ; = τὸ συμφέρον Antiph.31;

    περὶ μεγίστων δὴ τῶν -όντων βουλεύεσθαι Th.6.92

    , cf. Lys.31.5, Is.4.12; τὰ ἀναγκαιότερα τῷ ταμιείῳ δ. vital interests, PThead.15.17 (iii A.D.); τὸ δ. μέρος τῶν ἀποφάσεων the essential part, POxy.1204.11 (iii A.D.); τὰ δ. vital matters, Ep.Rom.2.18;

    ἐπιστάμενος τὰ δ. παραβαίνειν τολμᾷ And. 3.19

     (but τὰ δ. also simply, points of difference, in character and the like , Th.1.70, etc.).
    4 to be different from a person: generally, in point of excess, surpass, excel him (cf. supr. 11.8), τινός v.l. for -όντως in Th.3.39; τινί in a thing, Id.2.39, Alex.36.6;

    ἔν τινι Isoc.3.39

    ;

    εἴς τι Pl.Ap. 35b

    ;

    κατὰ μέγεθος X.Lac.1.10

    ;

    πρός τι Aeschin.1.181

    : c. inf.,

    δ. τινὸς μεταβιβάζειν τινά Pl.Grg. 517b

    : sts. folld. by ἤ, πολὺ διέφερεν ἀλέξασθαι ἤ.. it was far better.. than.., X.An.3.4.33, cf. Mem.3.11.14, Vect.4.25 (where it means to differ in point of diminution); also

    δ. μέγα τι παρὰ τὰς ἄλλας πόλεις Plb.10.27.5

    : abs., excel,

    ἐπί τινι Isoc.10.12

    ;

    τάχει Jul.Or.2.53c

    ;

    οἱ τόποι διαφέρουσι Thphr.CP5.14.9

    ;

    διαφέρον τι πεπραχέναι

     a remarkable achievement,

    Plb.6.39.2

    .
    6 quarrel, struggle, Telecl.20;

    οἱ διαφέροντες

     the parties, litigants,

    PPar.69

     B10 (iii A.D.).
    7 come between, intervene,

    ὁ διαφέρων χρόνος Antipho 5.94

    .
    8 belong to, τινί, as property, Ph.1.207, PLond. 3.940.23 (iii A.D.); of persons, belong to a household, PStrassb.26.5 (iv A.D.);

    οἱ -φέροντες

     kinsfolk,

    Annuario 4

    /5.476 ([place name] Bargylia); appertain to,

    τῇ ὠνῇ BGU1062.21

     (iii A.D.); τὰ εἰς τοῦτο -φέροντα πράγματα Mitteis Chr. 372v3 (ii A.D.).
    IV [voice] Med. and [voice] Pass., be at variance, quarrel,

    τινί Heraclit.72

    , cf. Amphis32, etc.;

    περί τινος Hdt.1.173

    , Pl.Euthphr.7b; δ. ἀλλήλοις differ with, ibid., cf. Antipho 5.42;

    τινὶ περί τινος Th.5.31

    , cf. X.Oec.17.4;

    πρὸς ἀλλήλους Lys.18.17

    , cf. Hyp.Oxy. 1607 Fr. 1 iii 60, etc.;

    τὰ πρὸς ἀλλήλους Supp.Epigr. 1.363.5

     (Samos, iii B.C.);

    ἀμφί τινος X.An.4.5.17

    ;

    διενεχθέντας γνώμῃ Hdt.7.220

    ; δ. ὡς.. maintain on the contrary that.., D.56.46; οὐ διαφέρομαι, = οὔ μοι διαφέρει, Id.9.8; μηδὲν διὰ τοῦτο διαφέρου let there be no dispute on this ground, Lys.10.17; οἱ -φερόμενοι the litigants, SIG685.29 (Crete, ii B.C.).—Not in [dialect] Ep.

    Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > διαφέρω

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